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11/10/2004
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A vehicle fuel tank manufacturer has cut product development times by 40% after implementing blow moulding simulation software. Dean Palmer reports
.jpg "System cuts cuts design time by 40") A vehicle fuel tank manufacturer has cut product development times by 40% after implementing blow moulding simulation software. Dean Palmer reports
A new process for modelling fuel tanks is delivering greater design accuracy and saving automotive supplier VITEC up to 40% in product development time.
VITEC manufactures plastic fuel storage and delivery systems for automotive OEMs, including General Motors, DaimlerChrysler and Harley-Davidson. Like most suppliers, VITEC uses volume and grade-line studies to assess manufacturability and functional performance of its designs before production.
The studies require variable thickness information that is not available without the manufactured part. In the past, VITEC conducted simulations based on an average thickness value assigned throughout the tank shell. But these estimates left room for errors that added to production time and led to retooling costs.
VITEC's new process compares simulations from CAD data with models derived from scanned physical parts to ensure accurate thickness measurements. The process starts by simulating the blow moulding process used for producing fuel tanks.
Extrusion blow moulding is done with a plastic tube, or parison, that is heated until it reaches a molten state and then forced through a die. Synchronized motion of the die's core determines the thickness values on the parison.
"Parison inflation forces the plastic against the mould cavity walls to end up with the tank's final shape," explained Dr Karim Amellal, product development manager at VITEC. "Once cooled, variable thickness of the manufactured part can be measured at various locations."
VITEC's new methodology simulates the entire blow moulding process, automatically calculates thicknesses and reconciles the CAD model with the actual manufactured part. Amellal continued: "With the introduction of blow moulding simulation technology, we are able to anticipate any process and design issues and predict variable tank wall thickness levels before manufacturing begins."
The process starts with a customer providing the envelope boundaries in which the vehicle's fuel tank will reside. These boundaries dictate the tank's shape. VITEC loads the boundary data into Unigraphics or Catia CAD files of the fuel tank shell. The part files are then exported from the CAD system as stereolithography (STL) files. Some of the files are imported into MSC Software's 'Patran' software, which generates a finite element mesh of the outer surface of the fuel tank. Other files are imported into 'BlowView' simulation software, where they are converted into Patran files to be used by the analysis solver 'BlowSim' to calculate thickness values on the inflated parison. The parison thickness results are then mapped onto the meshed outer surface of the fuel tank.
Predicted results of the extrusion blow moulding process for a tank design are obtained from BlowSim and then processed within Patran. The inner solid is generated within Patran by offsetting the thickness values from the outer surface. As Amellal explained: "The blow moulding simulation analysis provides optimum process conditions to achieve uniform tank thickness distribution. The results save tooling and material costs by assessing all process and design issues at the initial stages of product development, minimising the number of iterations."
Next, the Patran STL files for the inner and outer surfaces are imported into Geomagic Studio software. VITEC uses an optical scanning system to digitise the outside surfaces of a fuel tank shell taken from the shop floor. The point-cloud data from the scanner is brought into Geomagic Studio for surface enhancement and modelling. Surface repairs and hole filling are done automatically within the software to create a closed-volume polygon.
The shell sample is then cut in half and the inside surfaces scanned. The outer surfaces on the shell halves are also scanned to obtain datum plane references. After scanning, the two half-tank point clouds are imported into Geomagic Studio. The software automatically merges the two halves using a 'best-fit' alignment tool.
The software enables VITEC to do a 3D comparison between the BlowSim-derived Patran models and the models generated from the scans of the actual fuel tank. This enables the company to validate the theoretical predictions of wall thickness obtained from BlowSim.
The effects of warpage can also be modelled in Geomagic. When cutting the tank shell, the plastic walls warp as a result of frozen-in residual stresses during the cooling stage of the blow moulding process. Geomagic performs a 3D comparison to calculate the negative and positive tank wall deformations resulting from the warping.
In addition to the visual comparisons of thickness and warpage made within Geomagic Studio, VITEC compares measurement values obtained from the physical part to those from the simulated model. The firm's quality assurance group uses Geomagic 'Qualify' computer-aided inspection software, which automatically aligns and compares measurement data from cross-sections of the physical part with the BlowSim model.
"This validation process is performed to verify the accuracy of simulation results and to make us feel confident about future predictions on virtual parts," added Amellal.
Computer-aided inspection replaces a process that involved measuring the wall thickness levels using an ultrasound technique. The technique required that a grid be applied to the tank surfaces and thickness values were measured at the grid cell corners. A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) was also used to measure and verify the dimensional integrity of the fuel tank.
Amellal said the combination of the scanner and Geomagic Qualify provide greater speed and accuracy than the ultrasound technique and could, potentially, replace the CMM machine as well. "We think we can use optical scanning and Geomagic Qualify to potentially reduce product quality inspection time by at least 20 to 30 percent," commented Amellal.
After quality assurance, the model is sent back to VITEC's product development team, which uses Geomagic Studio for a final 3D comparison between the captured physical part and the BlowSim model. STEP files are exported from Geomagic Studio back to the CAD system, where designs are modified as needed.
The process provides the company not only with the variable thickness information needed to perform accurate volume and grade-line studies, but also with a realistic model for vehicle crash simulations. As Amellal explained: "Customers don't have to wait anymore for physical tests to evaluate whether a fuel tank will perform in a vehicle environment. That is the main reason why these computer simulation technologies are used. We can anticipate issues relating to manufacturing, structure or refuelling prior to actual production."
VITEC performed two studies to verify the accuracy of the fuel tank simulation. First, volume studies compared theoretical volumes from the simulation process with the actual volumes of two different gas tanks. The results showed accuracy levels of 99.5% for a small car gas tank and 97.7% for a truck fuel tank. Studies of height versus volume during tank refuelling showed a theoretical filling curve that fitted very closely with the actual curve provided from the testing lab.
Amellal: "This suggests that computer-aided analyses used at VITEC can reduce the cost and time consumed with physical tests. Initial estimates suggest significant cost savings and a reduced product development time of up to 40 percent."
Eventually, the company hopes to develop an automated simulation tool that can address all customer requirements in terms of fuel tank manufacturability, structural integrity and refuelling performance. Relying on commercially available software packages - BlowView, Patran, Geomagic Studio and Qualify - for internal simulation capabilities is only the first step. As Amellal qualified: "VITEC plans to develop a methodology to automatically transfer data from one software package to another and to build an interface that will link all of the internal simulation capabilities, the result being a fully automated simulation tool that CAD design engineers can use on a daily basis during the product development stage."
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Author
Tom Shelley
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